Chapter 6 Report and Citation.
An Example Report
Elizabeth Gadd
Academic Services Manager (Engineering)
Loughborough University Library
November 2008 Contents
Contents .......................................................................................................... 2
Acknowledgements ...................................................................................... 3
Abstract ........................................................................................................ 3
1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 4
2 Literature review ....................................................................................... 4
3 Methodology ............................................................................................. 4
4 Results ...................................................................................................... 4
4.1 Case Study One ................................................................................ 4
4.2 Case Study Two ................................................................................ 4
4.2.1 Experiment One ......................................................................... 5
4.2.2 Experiment Two.......................................................................... 5
5 Discussion ................................................................................................ 5
6 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 5
7 Recommendations .................................................................................... 5
References ...................................................................................................... 5
Appendix A – Report Writing Checklist ............................................................ 6
Acknowledgements
I should like to acknowledge the support of my colleagues in developing and
proof-reading this report. Were this work funded, I would also acknowledge
my funding body here, as well as the input of any Supervisor or other internal
or external assistance.
Abstract
Abstracts should usually be no more than 100-150 words. They provide a
brief summary of the report including the methods used, the key findings and
conclusions. An example of a two-line abstract of this report follows: Provides
an outline of an example report and a summary of the main elements a report
should include. Includes a Report Writing checklist for use by students.
1 Introduction
This report provides an example structure for a report. Each section is
considerably shorter than it would need to be for a full academic report. The
intention is to provide an overview of the main sections that most reports
should have.
2 Literature review
Having introduced my topic, I should then review what the literature has to say
about it. If it were a technical report, I might want to introduce the theory
behind my approach here. There is plenty of advice on report writing
including books such as Houp (2006) and Lewis (1994), and web pages
(Loughborough University Library, 2006a). My citations should appear as a
list of references below. In this report I have used the Harvard Citation style
(Loughborough University Library, 2006b).
3 Methodology
If this were a research report, I would outline my methodology at this stage. I
should need to include enough detail so that someone else wishing to follow
my procedures could do so and achieve the same results as me. This may
not necessarily mean detailing the methods at great length, but should at least
reference the literature which does describe my methods. Any limitations of
the methodology (i.e. a lack of time or inappropriate equipment) should be
made clear at this stage. This demonstrates critical thinking and reflection
and should give you better, not worse, marks.
4 Results
Once the methodology has been outlined, I should then report on my results.
The implications of the results should not be discussed at this stage – that
comes later. At this point I should just describe my findings, perhaps using
sub-headings as detailed below. The order in which you report your results
should be logical and structured.
4.1 Case Study One
If a series of case studies had been performed, I could use sub-headings to
describe the results from each.
4.2 Case Study Two
By using sub-headings in this way the reader can go straight to the section
they are interested in without having to read the whole report. 4.2.1 Experiment One
It is possible to divide sub-sections down further by adding a third-order subheading with an additional number.
4.2.2 Experiment Two
Do not use more than three levels of numbering, fourth-order headings should
just be italicised as below.
Fourth-order sub-heading
This is an example of a fourth-order sub-heading.
5 Discussion
After outlining my results I can then discuss their meaning. The presentation
of my discussion is entirely up to me. I could discuss the most important
results first, followed by more minor findings. Alternatively, I could discuss the
findings chronologically or geographically.
6 Conclusions
Having discussed the results, I can now draw some conclusions from them.
My conclusions should not only refer to my primary research, but they should
be set in the context of the literature and any limitations of my methodology.
7 Recommendations
If recommendations are required by the report, they could be made at this
stage. They could either be recommendations for action, or
recommendations for further research. Or both!
References
HOUP, Kenneth W., Reporting technical information, 11th Edition, Oxford
University Press, 2006
LEWIS, Roger and John Inglis, How to write reports : the key to successful
reports, Collins Educational [and] National Extension College, 1994
LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. (2006a) Study Skills : Report
Writing. URL http://www.lboro.ac.uk/library/skills/report.html [Accessed 20
November, 2006]
LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. (2006b) Ethical use of
information: plagiarism and citation. URL
http://learn.lboro.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=3606 [Accessed 24 November,
2008]
Citation
http://www.library.arizona.edu/search/reference/citation-apa.html
