Chapter 4 Acccess to the libarries
The Library of Congress website
British Library
National Library
Sripatum - University Library
ASEAN Community
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Chapter 3 Library of Congress Classification and Dewey Decimal Classification
The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress. It is used by most research and academic libraries in the U.S. and several other countries, for example, Australia[1][2] and Taiwan, R.O.C.[3]. It is not to be confused with the Library of Congress Subject Headings or Library of Congress Control Number. Most public libraries and small academic libraries continue to use the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC). [4][citation needed]
The classification was originally developed by Herbert Putnam in 1897, just before he assumed the librarianship of Congress. With advice from Charles Ammi Cutter, it was influenced by Cutter Expansive Classification, and the DDC, and was specially designed for the special purposes of the Library of Congress. The new system replaced a fixed location system developed by Thomas Jefferson. By the time of Putnam's departure from his post in 1939, all the classes except K (Law) and parts of B (Philosophy and Religion) were well developed. It has been criticized as lacking a sound theoretical basis; many of the classification decisions were driven by the particular practical needs of that library, rather than epistemological considerations.
Although it divides subjects into broad categories, it is essentially enumerative in nature. It provides a guide to the books actually in the library, not a classification of the world.
The National Library of Medicine classification system (NLM) uses the classification scheme's unused letters W and QS–QZ. Some libraries use NLM in conjunction with LCC, eschewing LCC's R (Medicine). Others prefer to use the LCC scheme's QP-QR schedules and include Medicine R.
The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC, also called the Dewey Decimal System) is a proprietary system of library classification developed by Melvil Dewey in 1876.[1]
It has been greatly modified and expanded through 23 major revisions, the most recent in 2011.[2] This system organizes books on library shelves in a specific and repeatable order that makes it easy to find any book and return it to its proper place. The system is used in 200,000 libraries in at least 135 countries.[3][4]
A designation such as Dewey 16 refers to the 16th edition of the DDC.
The DDC attempts to organize all knowledge into ten main classes. The ten main classes are each further subdivided into ten divisions, and each division into ten sections, giving ten main classes, 100 divisions and 1000 sections. DDC's advantage in using decimals for its categories allows it to be purely numerical, while the drawback is that the codes are much longer and more difficult to remember as compared to an alphanumeric system. Just as an alphanumeric system, it is infinitely hierarchical. It also uses some aspects of a faceted classification scheme, combining elements from different parts of the structure to construct a number representing the subject content (often combining two subject elements with linking numbers and geographical and temporal elements) and form of an item rather than drawing upon a list containing each class and its meaning.
Except for general works and fiction, works are classified principally by subject, with extensions for subject relationships, place, time or type of material, producing classification numbers of at least three digits but otherwise of indeterminate length with a decimal point before the fourth digit, where present (for example, 330 for economics + .9 for geographic treatment + .04 for Europe = 330.94 European economy; 973 for United States + .05 form division for periodicals = 973.05 periodicals concerning the United States generally).
Books are placed on the shelf in increasing numerical order of the decimal number, for example, 050, 220, 330, 330.973, 331. When two books have the same classification number the second line of the call number (usually the first letter or letters of the author's last name, the title if there is no identifiable author) is placed in alphabetical order.
The DDC has a number for all books, including fiction: American fiction is classified in 813. Most libraries create a separate fiction section to allow shelving in a more generalized fashion than Dewey provides for, or to avoid the space that would be taken up in the 800s, or simply to allow readers to find preferred authors by alphabetical order of surname.
Some parts of the classification offer options to accommodate different kinds of libraries. An important feature of the scheme is the ability to assign multiple class numbers to a bibliographical item and only use one of them for shelving. The added numbers appear in the classified subject catalog (though this is not the usual practice in North America). For the full benefit of the scheme the relative index and the tables that form part of every edition must be understood and consulted when required. The structure of the schedules is such that subjects close to each other in a dictionary catalog are dispersed in the Dewey schedules (for example, architecture of Chicago quite separate from geography of Chicago).
The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress. It is used by most research and academic libraries in the U.S. and several other countries, for example, Australia[1][2] and Taiwan, R.O.C.[3]. It is not to be confused with the Library of Congress Subject Headings or Library of Congress Control Number. Most public libraries and small academic libraries continue to use the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC). [4][citation needed]
The classification was originally developed by Herbert Putnam in 1897, just before he assumed the librarianship of Congress. With advice from Charles Ammi Cutter, it was influenced by Cutter Expansive Classification, and the DDC, and was specially designed for the special purposes of the Library of Congress. The new system replaced a fixed location system developed by Thomas Jefferson. By the time of Putnam's departure from his post in 1939, all the classes except K (Law) and parts of B (Philosophy and Religion) were well developed. It has been criticized as lacking a sound theoretical basis; many of the classification decisions were driven by the particular practical needs of that library, rather than epistemological considerations.
Although it divides subjects into broad categories, it is essentially enumerative in nature. It provides a guide to the books actually in the library, not a classification of the world.
The National Library of Medicine classification system (NLM) uses the classification scheme's unused letters W and QS–QZ. Some libraries use NLM in conjunction with LCC, eschewing LCC's R (Medicine). Others prefer to use the LCC scheme's QP-QR schedules and include Medicine R.
Dewey Decimal Classification
The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC, also called the Dewey Decimal System) is a proprietary system of library classification developed by Melvil Dewey in 1876.[1]
It has been greatly modified and expanded through 23 major revisions, the most recent in 2011.[2] This system organizes books on library shelves in a specific and repeatable order that makes it easy to find any book and return it to its proper place. The system is used in 200,000 libraries in at least 135 countries.[3][4]
A designation such as Dewey 16 refers to the 16th edition of the DDC.
The DDC attempts to organize all knowledge into ten main classes. The ten main classes are each further subdivided into ten divisions, and each division into ten sections, giving ten main classes, 100 divisions and 1000 sections. DDC's advantage in using decimals for its categories allows it to be purely numerical, while the drawback is that the codes are much longer and more difficult to remember as compared to an alphanumeric system. Just as an alphanumeric system, it is infinitely hierarchical. It also uses some aspects of a faceted classification scheme, combining elements from different parts of the structure to construct a number representing the subject content (often combining two subject elements with linking numbers and geographical and temporal elements) and form of an item rather than drawing upon a list containing each class and its meaning.
Except for general works and fiction, works are classified principally by subject, with extensions for subject relationships, place, time or type of material, producing classification numbers of at least three digits but otherwise of indeterminate length with a decimal point before the fourth digit, where present (for example, 330 for economics + .9 for geographic treatment + .04 for Europe = 330.94 European economy; 973 for United States + .05 form division for periodicals = 973.05 periodicals concerning the United States generally).
Books are placed on the shelf in increasing numerical order of the decimal number, for example, 050, 220, 330, 330.973, 331. When two books have the same classification number the second line of the call number (usually the first letter or letters of the author's last name, the title if there is no identifiable author) is placed in alphabetical order.
The DDC has a number for all books, including fiction: American fiction is classified in 813. Most libraries create a separate fiction section to allow shelving in a more generalized fashion than Dewey provides for, or to avoid the space that would be taken up in the 800s, or simply to allow readers to find preferred authors by alphabetical order of surname.
Some parts of the classification offer options to accommodate different kinds of libraries. An important feature of the scheme is the ability to assign multiple class numbers to a bibliographical item and only use one of them for shelving. The added numbers appear in the classified subject catalog (though this is not the usual practice in North America). For the full benefit of the scheme the relative index and the tables that form part of every edition must be understood and consulted when required. The structure of the schedules is such that subjects close to each other in a dictionary catalog are dispersed in the Dewey schedules (for example, architecture of Chicago quite separate from geography of Chicago).
http://www.loc.gov/index.html
http://www.bl.uk/
http://www.nlt.go.th/th_index.htm
http://library.spu.ac.th/e-library/index4.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_Community
Chapter 2 Objective versus Subjective
"What is the difference between objective and subjective evidence?"
"What is the difference between objective and subjective evidence?"
SUBJECTIVE EVIDENCE is evidence
that you cannot evaluate -- you have to simply accept what the person says or
reject it.
For example, Fred says "My foot hurts a lot." Is
he lying? How much is "a lot"? What is Fred's idea of
"pain"? ... a sharp, stabbing pain, or just his foot "fell asleep"?
Harry says "That was a hard test!" Compared
to what? Did he study? Is this just a subject he finds particularly
difficult?
Bill says "Boy, that was a great football game!"
Compared to what? Who was playing? ... his son, the team he coaches,
him, two pro teams?
OBJECTIVE EVIDENCE is evidence
you can examine and evaluate for yourself.
If Fred walks in with a cane, and a knife stuck in his foot,
you can make a decision without hearing Fred's opinion!
If you read the test Harry talked about, you can decide
for yourself whether it's hard.
If you see a video of the football game, you might see great
plays, high scores, a last-minute win, etc.
-
Christians, Jews, Mormons, Moslems, etc., each claim that their religion is the only way to salvation and that without salvation a person will be punished forever.
- Anyone can believe in anything
whether it's true or not.
- Believing in something false doesn't make it
true!
If I believe I can fly and I jump out a window, I'm still gonna fall!
- Not believing in something true doesn't make
it false!
If I don't believe the law of gravity is true, I'm still gonna fall!
- By definition, "faith" is
subjective.
- By definition, subjective evidence cannot
be independently evaluated.
By definition, no matter how much faith your friend has, or your parent has or your spouse has, that is only their belief -- and believing in something false doesn't make it true!
- Every
religion has believers who "know" "by faith" that their
particular religion is the only true
religion.
- The various religions contradict each other.
- They all
might be wrong
but they can't all
be true.
- FAITH OR NO FAITH, GOOD INTENTIONS
OR NOT, ...
SOMEBODY'S WRONG!
http://www.godonthe.net/evidence/objctive.htm
Chapter 1 Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom
According to Russell Ackoff, a systems theorist and professor of organizational change, the content of the human mind can be classified into five categories:
- Data: symbols
- Information: data that are processed to be useful;
provides answers to "who", "what", "where",
and "when" questions
- Knowledge: application of data and information; answers
"how" questions
- Understanding: appreciation of "why"
- Wisdom: evaluated understanding.
http://www.systems-thinking.org/dikw/dikw.htm
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